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| Jenny Kramer |
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| Jody Hunt |
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| Matt Dowell |
The new administration's civil enforcement recoveries under the False Claims Act are likely to continue to exceed $2 billion annually. The U.S. Department of Justice recently announced that it recovered $2.2 billion in FCA settlements and judgments in fiscal year 2020.
Although that total was slightly less than the government recovered in recent years, and much less than some of the banner years in the 2010s when civil fraud recoveries included unusually large settlements involving the mortgage industry, it did not include substantial pending recoveries related to alleged fraud involving opioid manufacturers.
Notably, $1.8 billion of the 2020 recoveries stemmed from matters involving the health care industry, including drug and medical device manufacturers, managed-care providers, hospitals, pharmacies, hospice organizations, laboratories and physicians.
These cases involved continued DOJ focus on alleged kickback schemes, including sham speaker programs and drug copays, billing for medically unnecessary procedures, and electronic health record fraud.
Statistics also suggest that FCA activity is likely to increase. The government and qui tam relators filed a record 922 new FCA cases in 2020, nearly 150 more cases than the prior year. The government was also more active in 2020 than in any other year, filing 250 new cases on its own, an increase of more than 100 from the year before.
Source: Department of Justice, Jan. 14, 2021
We expect that the Biden administration will prioritize enforcement actions related to the distribution and use of CARES Act and subsequent stimulus funds.
The DOJ recently announced that it already had charged nearly 500 defendants with criminal offenses related to COVID-19 fraud schemes involving $569 million in government funds. The DOJ stated that it would continue to "leverag[e] data analysis capabilities" and other tools to go after "high-impact white collar enforcement" involving COVID-19 fraud.
Most of the COVID-19 enforcement activity thus far has not involved the health care industry, but we expect that to change, especially given the current landscape.
The health care industry received billions of dollars in COVID-19-related relief. This included $178 billion under the provider relief fund, $100 billion in Medicare Accelerated and Advance Payment Program loans (which will start coming due for some providers this month), and an estimated $68 billion in Paycheck Protection Program loans.
Congress recently passed the American Rescue Plan, which adds another $16 billion in relief for rural health providers and community health centers.
In February 2021, the DOJ announced the first criminal indictment involving the intentional misuse of provider relief funds. Enforcement activity surrounding the health care industry and these programs is likely to continue as the government investigates whether providers met eligibility requirements, complied with program requirements or made false certifications regarding loan forgiveness.
The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services also issued a number of regulatory waivers during the pandemic, and the government is likely to investigate whether these were used appropriately.
In the Biden administration, the government is also likely to continue scrutinizing nursing homes, the medical technology industry and Medicare Advantage fraud.
Even pre-pandemic, the nursing home industry was a priority for the DOJ. The focus on elder fraud began early in the Trump administration, and the National Nursing Home Initiative was announced just before the pandemic.
Given the immense impact the pandemic had on the nursing home industry, there is little doubt that the DOJ will devote substantial resources to examine whether nursing home residents have been given medically necessary and appropriate care.
The DOJ will also want to ensure that pandemic-related funds devoted to skilled nursing facilities were properly expended and that certifications made to the government regarding use of the funds were not false.
Another area of announced enforcement emphasis concerns telehealth and electronic health records. Electronic software is of growing importance to the health care industry because of the efficiencies it permits. Its use undoubtedly will increase as providers and payers adapt to new interoperability and information blocking requirements from the Centers for Medicare and Medicare Services and the Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technologies.
But efficiencies through software can create new opportunities for fraud, and the DOJ is focused on examining whether the development and marketing of EHR software is done in a way that allows for the fraudulent manipulation of payments or reimbursements from government programs. Companies should ensure they are using appropriate software and generating accurate records. They should invest in regular and periodic audits to ensure that the software they are using is not tainted by any improper incentives.
Opioids will also continue to be a major focus of government enforcement, particularly because we have seen an increase in opioid overdoses during the pandemic. The government will pursue all actors in the chain and take enforcement efforts against manufacturers, prescribers and pharmaceutical companies for improperly prescribing, marketing and distributing opioids, as well as for alleged kickback arrangements related to medically unnecessary opioids.
Medicare Part C (also known as Medicare Advantage) has been, and will continue to be, another area of heightened enforcement. Unlike Parts A and B, where Medicare pays for each patient admission or service, Part C pays a capitated amount, which is risk-adjusted based on a patient's demographic information and health status.
Roughly a third of all Medicare beneficiaries — approximately 22 million individuals — are now covered by Medicare Part C. And in recent years, CMS has paid more than $233 billion annually on behalf of such beneficiaries.
As more and more Medicare beneficiaries shift to Part C, and as the government pays more and more annually through Part C, the DOJ will continue to investigate and bring enforcement actions related to the improper manipulation of payment codes and data in connection with Medicare Part C.
Biden's choice to lead HHS — California's former chief prosecutor, Xavier Becerra — also suggests the administration may ramp up health care fraud enforcement efforts. After all, HHS is responsible for administering Medicare and Medicaid, among other health care-related programs, and the DOJ's health care fraud enforcement efforts restore funds to those programs.
As an experienced prosecutor, Becerra will likely seek to leverage the DOJ's enforcement capabilities in an effort to replenish HHS' health care-related programs. While California's attorney general, Becerra secured substantial settlements against health care companies, including a $575 million antitrust settlement involving patient steering and a $344 million settlement involving deceptive marketing of medical products.
The Biden administration may also roll back efforts made under the Trump administration to restrict enforcement actions based not on alleged statutory or regulatory violations but on alleged violations of subregulatory guidance documents, like local coverage determinations or Medicare manuals.
In 2018, the Brand memorandum announced that the DOJ's Civil Division would no longer use its "enforcement authority to effectively convert agency guidance documents into binding rules." This directive was added to the DOJ's Justice Manual, which now prohibits civil or criminal enforcement actions based on "mere noncompliance with guidance documents."
In 2019, President Donald Trump signed an executive order which similarly prohibited using guidance documents to impose new standards of conduct. HHS followed this executive order by passing new rules strictly limiting the use of guidance documents. But one of the Biden administration's first actions was to revoke Trump's executive order, suggesting that the new administration may reembrace the use of guidance documents.
Overall, early actions by the Biden administration signal a robust enforcement environment in which there will be continued aggressive pursuit of fraud, including pandemic- and health care-related fraud.
Jenny Kramer is a partner, Jody Hunt is senior counsel and Matt Dowell is a senior associate at Alston & Bird LLP.
The opinions expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the firm, its clients or Portfolio Media Inc., or any of its or their respective affiliates. This article is for general information purposes and is not intended to be and should not be taken as legal advice.
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